Independent scientific reviews

and official documents on 1080

Repeated poisoning may result in 1080-resistant rats

date	author	source	title	quote
2016	Griffiths, J.W., Barron, M.C.	NZ J Ecol. 40(3)	Spatiotemporal changes in relative rat (Rattus rattus) abundance following large-scale pest control	“However, because rat populations can recover within two years of control (Innes et al. 1995), vulnerable species are only temporarily released from predation pressure. Frequent (c. 3-yearly) reapplications of 1080 are therefore necessary to sustain reductions in rat predation pressure.”
1952	Kandel, A. & Chenoweth, M.B.	Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 104(2):248-252	Tolerance to Fluoroacetate and Fluorobutyrate in rats	“Small doses of fluoroacetate increase the resistance in rats to challenging doses of fluoroacetate or 4-fluorobutyrate.
2013	Nugent, G. & Morriss, G.A.	NZ Journal of Ecology 37(2):246-255	Delivery of toxic bait in clusters: a modified technique for aerial poisoning of small mammal pests	Biennial cluster sowing operations might therefore be one way of affordably providing more sustained protection for native animals, although such an approach carries its own risk, in that rat populations could become resistant to control by developing a learned aversion to 1080.”
2007	Applicants’ references			“This study has confirmed that..rats have the propensity of developing considerable genetic resistance to..[1080] (Howard et al., 1973)
2011	Eason, C., Miller, A., Ogilvie, S. & Fairweather, A.	NZ Journal of Ecology 35(1): 1-20	An updated review of the toxicology and ecotoxicology of sodium fluoroacetate (1080) in relation to its use as a pest control tool in New Zealand	“Research in Australia has indicated that resistance can develop after repeated use. Thus, the LD50 for rabbits in Western Australia appears to have increased dramatically, from 0.34-0.46 mg kg-1 over 30 years ago, to 0.74 – 1.02 mg kg-1 (Twigg et al. 2002).”
2015	Urlich, S.C.	NZ J Ecol. 39: 133-142	What’s the end-game for biodiversity: is it time for conservation evolution?	“Vander Wal et al. (2012) identified rat resistance to anticoagulant poison as an example of introduced predators undergoing evolutionary rescue in contemporary time.”