Independent scientific reviews

and official documents on 1080

There is a need for proper ecological studies of 1080

date	authors	source	name	quote
2015	Innes, J., King, C., Bartlam, S., Forrester, G., & Howitt, R.	NZ Journal of Ecology 39(2)	Predator control improves nesting success in Waikato forest fragments	“Introduced weeds and pests are key threats, but the ecological consequences of managing them are little understood.”
2000	Sadleir, R.	pp 126-131. In Montague, T.L. (Ed.) The Brushtail Possum. Biology, impact and management if an introduced marsupial. Montague, T.L. (Ed.) Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand. 292 pp.	Evidence of possums as predators of native animals	“Chapter 22 highlights the weaknesses of the published evidence demonstrating responses of native animal populations after the removal, or drastic reduction in numbers, of possums, so whether there really is an effect of competition on native birds remains unclear. In a perceptive but apparently overlooked paper, Moller (1989) noted the need for essential, experimental, field manipulation to prove or disprove the importance of competition. In discussing the possible effects of biological control, he correctly emphasised that concentrating on a single species can obscure understanding of the complex interactions in forest ecosystems.”
2011	Veltman, C. & Westbrooke, I.M.	NZ Journal of Ecology 35(1): 21-29	Forest bird mortality and baiting practices in New Zealand aerial 1080 operations from 1986 to 2009	We also advocate for establishing long-term forest bird population monitoring at poisoned sites. This would meet the need for multiple controls when 1080 is applied at any one of the sites in the set (not all sites are treated in all years) and also permit quantitative statements about the sign and rate of change in population sizes, the measure that integrates non-target deaths and beneficial changes in survival and reproduction (Sibling & Hone 2002).”
2014	Anderson, D., Byrom, A., Baxter, P., Casey, P., Ramsey, D. & Woolnough, A.	Kararehe Kino 24:June	How can science guide best-practice pest management?	A consequence of the disconnect between science and management is that financially-constrained managers are left with a ‘trial-and-error’ approach that may be based on extensive ecological experience but lacks a formal mechanism for assessing management impacts and guiding improvements.”
1984	King, C.	Oxford University Press	Immigrant Killers. Introduced Predators and the conservation of birds in New Zealand	“First we must understand how the contemporary predators work; what they can and cannot do, and what restraints limit their impact in nature. Then we must understand the ecology of the contemporary native species, especially what really controls their distribution and numbers.”
1984	King, C.	Oxford University Press	Immigrant Killers. Introduced Predators and the conservation of birds in New Zealand	“A rational policy for predator control must look beyond the individual case – the pathetic sight of the little feathered life snuffed out in the jaws of the vicious killer. The ‘bleeding heart’ attitude to conservation (p. 131) does little good in the long term: much more helpful is the more demanding and rigorous discipline of modern conservation science. That tells us that the fate of a group cannot be judged from that of an individual without masses of additional information about the whole population of prey and the community it lives in.”
1984	King, C.	Oxford University Press	Immigrant Killers. Introduced Predators and the conservation of birds in New Zealand	“there is no doubt that the best chance of protecting the full diversity of wild life is to maintain natural habitats, and this can, must, be done even before we fully comprehend the workings of the irreplaceable relationships between species and their habitats. If we can ensure the protection of adequate samples of the full range of natural ecosystems while they still contain viable populations of species which are not at present in difficulties, we can perhaps prevent these animals and plants from becoming the endangered species of the future. Predator control can make little contribution to this long-term work (p. 129ff).”
1984	King, C.	Oxford University Press	Immigrant Killers. Introduced Predators and the conservation of birds in New Zealand	In New Zealand we have hardly got past the stage of simple descriptive studies, whose results can be interpreted in many ways. What we need are cast-iron field experiments, and these need money and time. Good research and good planning, says Alan Esler, a botanist who writes as if from bitter experience, cannot be done with a bulldozer revving in the background.”
2015	Brown, K., Elliott, G., Innes, J. & Kemp, J.	Department of Conservation	Ship rat, stoat and possum control on mainland New Zealand. An overview of techniques, successes and challenges	“The quality of pest management operations has been variable, with operational objectives, best practice, standard operating procedures and legal requirements not always being met. However, just how variable operations have been is unknown, as not all control operations are written up, despite reporting being part of DOC’s Animal Pest Management Framework best practice.”
2012	Green, W. & Rohan, M.	Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 42(3): 185-213	Opposition to aerial 1080 poisoning for control of invasive mammals in New Zealand: risk perceptions and agency responses	By-kill of native and introduced game species…This issue dominated submissions [to ERMA, 2007] (77%) and therefore is arguably the most important one requiring a clear response from agencies. Yet although the AHB funds the majority of aerial 1080 operations its written material made very little reference to by-kill risks for native or introduced game species. Protecting biodiversity values is not within the stated mission of the AHB and much of their material was predictably focused on the role of 1080 in reducing Tb rates. However, given the high use of aerial 1080 by the AHB, addressing the concerns relating to 1080 by-kill is relevant to its communications approach.”
2015	In: King, C.M., Gaukrodger, D.J., Ritchie, N.A. (Eds.)	Heidelberg, Springer. 357 pp.	The drama of conservation: the history of Pureora Forest, New Zealand.	Continued monitoring [of forest vegetation at Pureora] is important, but since 1987, NZFS-style professional surveys have been far too expensive for DOC to run. So there is no organised reporting of official records or collation of survey responses.
2015	Brown, K., Elliott, G., Innes, J. & Kemp, J.	Department of Conservation	Ship rat, stoat and possum control on mainland New Zealand. An overview of techniques, successes and challenges	“Further refinement of aerial application of bait is needed, as recently illustrated by the variability in rat kill results from DOC’s large-scale ‘Battle for our birds’ response to the 2015 beech forest mast (J. Kemp & G. Elliot, DOC, unpubl. data). While all operations killed most rats present only 19 operations of 25 (76%) got the rats below 10% rat tracking, and 15 (60%) of the operations got the rats to 1% rat tracking or less. Many operations were carried out late in the season when rats had reached very high densities with likely small home ranges. It is likely that not all rats got access to bait due to variability in coverage.
2011	Environment Protection Authority	Annual Report on the Aerial Use of 1080 for the year ended 31 December 2011	Effects of aerially-applied 1080 on bird populations. Update: Effects on kea populations	An experiment in Westland provided very strong support for the notion that kea nest survival is boosted by aerial 1080 predator control in those forests, but the boost was not sufficient after one year to compensate for the bykill that occurred there. In upland beech forests, there is also evidence of a boost to nest survival but the level of nest survival achieved was not as great as in Westland. This may simply be due to sampling error as sample sizes in upland beech forests are as yet very small. Alternatively, achieving stoat control with aerial 1080 in upland beech forest requires more attention to timing with respect to forest seeding biology. Rodents are present only in sufficient numbers to transmit poison to stoats at certain phases of the beech mast cycle. Attention was not paid to these in our study areas, where stoat control 1080 drops funded by the AHB is of secondary importance to possum control.”