Independent scientific reviews

and official documents on 1080

Can birds suffer from sub-lethal poisoning? – Read the Science

date	authors	source	name	quote
2000	Ataria, J.M., Wickstrom, M., Arthur, D. & Eason, C.T.	NZ Plant Protection 53: 293-298	Biochemical and Histopathological Changes induced by Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080) in Mallard Ducks	“there is little information available regarding the short- and long-term detrimental effects that may result from sub-lethal exposure.”
2000	Ataria, J.M., Wickstrom, M., Arthur, D. & Eason, C.T.	NZ Plant Protection 53: 293-298	Biochemical and Histopathological Changes induced by Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080) in Mallard Ducks	“epicardial haemorrhages were observed 24 h after dosing in all surviving birds [mallard ducks] dosed”
2000	Ataria, J.M., Wickstrom, M., Arthur, D. & Eason, C.T.	NZ Plant Protection 53: 293-298	Biochemical and Histopathological Changes induced by Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080) in Mallard Ducks	“The high energy requirements of avian muscle tissue may make it susceptible to 1080-induced disruption of cellular energy metabolism in a way not reported for mammals exposed to the toxin.”
2000	Ataria, J.M., Wickstrom, M., Arthur, D. & Eason, C.T.	NZ Plant Protection 53: 293-298	Biochemical and Histopathological Changes induced by Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080) in Mallard Ducks	“Even at a sub-lethal dose of 1080 equivalent to the consumption of less than half of a single 1080 bait pellet, changes in biochemical biomarkers were measured. How these poison-induced changes may affect the long-term health of ducks has not yet been evaluated. The tissue damage observed at high doses suggests that skeletal muscle may be a unique, avian-specific target organ for 1080.”
2000	Ataria, J.M., Wickstrom, M., Arthur, D. & Eason, C.T.	NZ Plant Protection 53: 293-298	Biochemical and Histopathological Changes induced by Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080) in Mallard Ducks	“The comparatively few published studies that exist on the sub-lethal effects of 1080 (Eason et al. 1999; O’Connor et al. 1999) indicate that histopathological damage to key target organs may occur at extremely low dose levels.”
2000	Ataria, J.M., Wickstrom, M., Arthur, D. & Eason, C.T.	NZ Plant Protection 53: 293-298	Biochemical and Histopathological Changes induced by Sodium Monofluoroacetate (1080) in Mallard Ducks	“The effects observed in this study in key organs, such as heart and wing muscle, highlights the need to monitor individuals or populations in the medium-to-long-term to ensure there are no longer-term adverse effects on non-target wildlife. Effort to minimise exposure of birds continues to be of paramount concern to wildlife management agencies.”
2003	Weaver, S.	Journal of Rural and Remote Environmental Health 2(2): 46-59	Policy Implications of 1080 Toxicology in New Zealand	“Balcomb et al (1983) studied the acute and sub-lethal effects of 1080 on starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) with a particular emphasis on testicular morphology. They observed a 14% reduction in testicular weight development in starlings fed 1080 compared with control birds.”
2007	ERMA Agency Appendix C	P 349	Environmental Risk Management Authority Reassessment of 1080	“Data gaps..reproductive toxicity to birds”
2007	ERMA Agency Appendix C	P 414	Environmental Risk Management Authority Reassessment of 1080	“The Agency has not been able to locate any data from standard tests on the reproductive toxicity of 1080 to birds”
2007	ERMA Agency Appendix C	P 400	Environmental Risk Management Authority Reassessment of 1080	“Assessment..indicates that skeletal muscle damage may occur in birds exposed to 1080″
2007	ERMA Agency Appendix C	P 406	Environmental Risk Management Authority Reassessment of 1080	“Survivors [of weka given 1080, showed a range of symptoms including] loss of balance, threat..defence..increased respiration; circling..coma”
2000	Eason, C., Warburton, B. & Henderson, R.	In T.L. Montague (Ed.) The brushtail possum: biology, impact and management. Manaaki Whenua Press.	Impacts of Possum Control on Non-target Species.	“Further research is also required on the effects of sub-lethal doses of 1080, which have been reported to affect the physiology and behaviour of non-target species (Spurr 1994b).”